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Neuroscience and Physiology. One of the projects is to define the interaction of neurotransmitters/modulators within the central nervous system in regulation of sympathetic outflow and cardiovascular functions in chronic heart failure and obesity. In particular, We are interested in investigating the interactions of neuro-humoral components and adipokines (including leptin, ghrelin) regulation of cardiovascular function and renal function in the disease conditions. Another project is to determine that increased proteases in the renal tubular fluid contribute to the enhanced renal epithelial sodium channel activity, providing a novel mechanistic insight for sodium retention commonly observed in chronic heart failure. The long-term significance and direction of these experiments will be to gain insight into beneficial effects of renal denervation on sodium fluid retention endemic to chronic heart failure.